最重要VERB「BE」

「BE」

VERB として

1)   V1   存在を表す：ある、いる

＊Modifier（修飾後）として副詞（単語／句／節）のみ続く

単語としての副詞 → I am here.

句としての副詞／不定詞 → I am to eat and live.

分詞構文 → I am, eating and living nonchalantly.

前置詞句 → I am now in Tokyo,Japan.

節としての副詞／従位接続詞 → I am when I am happy.

例）To be, or not to be. That is the question.

＊倒置（inversion）になる事が多い

例）There are three dogs on the street.

Here comes the Sun.

2)   V2 Subject（主語）のcomplement（補語）として

主語とequivalent：同値の内容を示す

→Subject =Complement

例）We are Japanese and are all very humble by nature.

注）補語としては

名詞：noun

単語：加算名詞／不加算名詞の区別が不可欠

句：不定詞／動名詞／疑問不定詞

節：that節／if(whether)節／5W1H節／先行詞を含む関係代名詞

形容詞：adjective

単語：

句：現在分詞／過去分詞　＊不定詞／前置詞＋名詞句は形容詞の補語としては存在しない

節: なし　＊関係代名詞／関係副詞は名詞：nounの修飾語としてのみ存在する

助動詞：auxiliary verb/helping verbの一部として

１）進行形：progressiveを作る（12通り／全24時制のうち）

be  ＋　現在分詞（V1-V5〜ing）

【現在進行形】

I am learning how to write a good essay now.

【過去進行形】

I was learning how to write a good essay at this time yesterday.

【未来進行形】

I will be learning how to write a good essay at this time tomorrow.

【現在完了進行形】

I have been talking with Tom over the phone for an hour.

【過去完了進行形】

I had been talking with Tom over the phone for an hour till 10 p.m. last night.

【未来完了進行形】

I will have been studying Economics in the library for a few hours till you come over

tomorrow.

２）受け身（passive voice)を作る 12通り／全24時制のうち

be +　過去分詞（V3〜V5）

【現在形の受け身】

How to write a good essay is taught by a great American novelist this semester.

【過去形の受け身】

How to write a good essay was taught by a great American novelist last semester.

【未来形の受け身】

How to write a good essay will be taught by a great American novelist next semester.

【現在進行形の受け身】

How to write a good essay is being learnt by me now.

【過去進行形の受け身】

How to write a good essay was being learnt by me at this time yesterday.

【未来進行形の受け身】

How to write a good essay will be being learnt by me at this time tomorrow.

【現在完了形の受け身】

French has been learnt by her for five years.

【過去完了形の受け身】

French had been learnt by her for five years till the year 2010.

【未来完了形の受け身】

French will have been learnt by her for five years by the year 2017.

【現在完了進行形の受け身】

How to write a good essay has been being learnt by me for two consecutive hours.

【過去完了進行形の受け身】

How to write a good essay had been being learnt by me for two hours till 5 o’clock yesterday.

【未来完了進行形の受け身】

How to write a good essay will have been being learnt by me for two hours till 5 o’clock p.m. tomorrow.